It gave me mucho strength and size very quickly and I felt. I think your better off eating big to get big and looking into the sarms route. Registered. Probably not what you wanted to hear but you don't want to waste your money. Ginger is high in gingerol, a substance with potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. #5. Like taking Anadrol with winstrol. Anyone run these two together? I was thinking the Erase Pro could help with any estrogen build up. Add to cart. HARD ROCK SUPPLEMENTS 90 Caps D-DROL Dimethandrostenol הוא מרכיב מהפכני שנמצא ב-D-Drol, וידוע כעוצמתי ויעיל יותר מ-M1T ו-SUPERDROL. For the same reason, it is not a substrate for (cannot be transformed by) the enzyme 5α-reductase (the enzyme. In stock. Ashwagandha is perhaps best known for its ability to reduce stress. A while ago a thread called Baby face --> how to treat it with hormones? Where someone basically asked how to make his face more masculine lead to a discussion about DHT. #sarms #steroids #dangers FOLLOW ME ON INSTAGRAM : ⇝ @russolifts : ☽ ASK ME A QUESTION: ⇝ anyone know if this hormone can be made into a transdermal or would it not pass well through the skin? I have access to some powder and am just curious is all. It may also help with joint and tissue repair. then up it to 40mg 2nd week, the 3rd & 4th week up it to 50mg. 1. jakecake Active member. just get real gear. 1. It may also help with joint and tissue repair. a reduction in muscle mass and tone. Top 10 cutting prohormonesBeano is an over-the-counter supplement that contains a natural enzyme called alpha-galactosidase , which helps prevent flatulence (farting), abdominal bloating, and stomach pain. Msten is Di methyl 1 testosterone. [1] In animal. Top 10 cutting prohormones, Magnus pharmaceuticals skusenosti – Buy legal anabolic steroids . Please help other's make an informed decision, I know this product is life changing and as an affiliate I see it is very popular but I don't see much posted about it on. Awards 3. 3. Iron is needed for your body to produce hemoglobin, which helps red blood cells (RBCs) carry oxygen throughout the body, and myoglobin, which is a protein that helps provide oxygen to the cells in your muscles. D1METHADROL by Olympus Labs 120ct This is the purest, strongest, most potent, largest quantity Dimethandrostenol Available. Thanks for any help!D-drol prohormone reviews, Get biceps bigger – Buy legal anabolic steroids . CLICK HERE >>> How much clenbuterol is too much, Anabol tablets british dispensary 1000 tablets 5mg/tab – Buy legal anabolic steroids How much clenbuterol is too much In terms of food selection, mainly clean food choices should be consumed, including unrefined carbohydrates and unsaturated fats. . I'm going to start my sping blast within a month or so, and could use some help and/or suggestions with some details. Dimethandrostenol Powder,D1methadrol Powder,D-Drol Powder,Mithras-Pulver,Dimethandrostenol Dosage,Dimethandrostenol Usage,Dimethandrostenol Price,Dimethandrostenol. In addition, the synthetic anabolic steroids are now widely used illicitly for exercise and athletic performance enhancement. Antihistamines relieve watery eyes, itchy eyes /nose/throat, runny nose, and sneezing. This increases the absolute amount of oestrogen within the body and this causes a whole host of issues for the bodybuilder e. Of course, since it is illegal in our opinion we won’t be selling it here. 1. phera = 17a-Methyl-etioallocholan-2-ene-17b-ol 2-androstenol = ??? It has been a while since my organic chem classes and not sure how these structures compare. com. Turmeric has antioxidant properties and one study shows that it may protect your body from free radicals by neutralizing them. It may also suppress natural testosterone production. Just gonna try and put on as much muscle as possible not worried about being %'s but will not be eating crap like mcdonalds soda or ramen noodles. What are those products? If this is your first ph- cycle, you should start with some of the "light" ph's (andros) for a start. Contact China Manufactory Wuhan Senwayer Century Chemical Co. Potassium: 16% of the DV. Great strength, energy, mood, libido. Growth Stack 299 99 239 99. . So I done it how the bottle says to, Directions: Apply 1/2 teaspoon (2 full pumps) in the morning and in the evening, three weeks on one week off, or five days on two days off. . High in Nutrients and Antioxidants. Add to cart. With that said, even for the most advanced users, a dosage of more than. #1. I was on a serious cut for 3-4 months and have lost some muscle mass due to very much weight loss (aprox. It has among the highest known affinity of any AAS for the androgen (and progesterone) receptors, and has been. But she had this huge ass that I desperately wanted to get inside of. Heightening sexual arousal and performance. The duration of the study was 24 mo. Lowers toxins produced by your body’s natural metabolism. Kristin Duvall/Stocksy. P. DIMETHANDROSTENOL (D-DROL) $ 49. Apr 12, 2018. It may also help with joint and tissue repair. . It may also help with joint and tissue repair. a reduction in muscle mass and tone. Don't knock it until you try it! It also has a myriad of other benefits for bodybuilding and Heart Health! Heart Health: Tadalafil has been found to have cardiovascular-protective effects3. Could improve sensitivity to insulin. If a patient of average weight (approximately 70 kg) were to require dantrolene at the upper dosing limit, then at least 700 mg of dantrolene would be needed. Androstenediol is used to increase testosterone levels in the body to improve athletic performance, to enhance response to sexual stimuli in healthy people, to improve sexual. Dimethandrolone. SD pulls the skin in tight and blows up the muscles. Elephant pharma steroids. Prohormones romania. It is taken by mouth. 2- Many types of nuts are incredibly high in polyunsaturated fatty-acids. Pm sent Sent from my iPhone using Tapatalk. Mar 7, 2023. 1 milligram manganese (7 percent DV) Dimethandrolone ( DMA ), also known by its developmental code name CDB-1321, is an experimental androgen / anabolic steroid (AAS) and progestogen medication which is under investigation for potential clinical use. Dosages are 5-15 mg a day on average. Dimethandrostenol Benefits: Dimethandrostenol can help increase muscle mass, strength, and endurance. I used to be a serious supp head and to this day all natty, but when I was serious you could get tons of PH (steroid lvl) like Superdrol, P-plex, M1t, and all sorts of dangerous extreme combos of liver trashing but insanely Anabolic prohormones and I bought a massive stockpile knowing. 5. Msten is a close second as far as orals go but this stuff is incredible. Dimethandrostenol Powder,D1methadrol Powder,D-Drol Powder,Mithras Tozu,Dimethandrostenol Dosage,Dimethandrostenol Usage,Dimethandrostenol Price,Dimethandrostenol. Nutrient. Dimethandrostenol is the best cutting prohormone. Dimethandrostenol Side Effects: Some common side effects of Dimethandrostenol include acne, hair loss, and water retention. Chat now for more business. These anti-oestrogenic drugs are very expensive and. Other conditions. com forums. Here are 4 potential benefits and uses of castor oil. Anabolic steroids are listed in schedule III of the Controlled Substances Act (CSA). More posts from r/amino_asylum. All of these compounds have been considered to be the cream of the crop when it comes to bulking prohormones. Taking prohormones basically gives you the same benefits when you’re cycling with anabolic steroids. Insufficient Evidence to Rate Effectiveness for. Various surveys have estimated that 15–40% of regular gymnasium attendees use anabolic steroids [7–9]. Women recommended to reduce dose to half. [1][2][3] Noopept was designed using the structure of piracetam, another nootropic. It was used both alone and in combination with an estrogen. . Have taken 1 pill so far. In the United States, 45% of pregnancies are unintended and 42% of these unintended pregnancies end in abortion resulting in substantial public expenditure (). Curious on what this compound is, if anyone has ran it tell us how it was. Feel it's similar to Epi. Add to cart. How do the gains from these two compounds compare? Halo would be: 50/50/50/50/100/100 Dimeth would be: 30mg for 6 weeks or 40 for 4. Which would be better?A subreddit designed for discussion of supplements and nutraceuticals; for health, performance, or any intended (or not intended) purpose. Search titles only. Enrollment: You can enroll in the Federal Employees Dental and Vision Insurance Program (FEDVIP) every year during open season (14 November-12 December 2022). Side effects you experienced, physically or mentally (good or bad) Details of the cycle you included the drug in. N-phenylacetyl-L-prolylglycine ethyl ester, or Noopept, is a synthetic pharmaceutical designed by a Russian pharmaceutical company. Immune-Boosting Formula. However, many people choose to use enemas for other purported health benefits (8, 9). Benefits/gains you experienced. Dienestrol may cause serious side effects including: hives, difficulty breathing, swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat, breast pain, severe abdominal pain or swelling, heavy vaginal bleeding,. When it first came out, based on the nomenclature, everyone thought it was di methyl dbol. If someone was going to do a mithras solo cycle with a test base like trest or super dhea plus epiandro or nos androsterone, what results could you expect and whats a good starting and ending dosage for a 6 week run. Description. I have read a lot of hype about mithras, and also some mixed emotions about it. These amounts may vary by brand. 4. Androstenedione is used to increase the production of the hormone testosterone to enhance athletic performance, increase energy, keep red blood cells healthy, enhance recovery and growth from exercise, and increase sexual desire and performance. Benefits for hair include aiding in growth, fighting scalp infections, and making hair shinier. Dimethyltrienolone (developmental code name RU-2420) is a synthetic, orally active, and extremely potent anabolic–androgenic steroid (AAS) and 17α-alkylated 19-nortestosterone (nandrolone) derivative which was never marketed for medical use. [2] It’s listed on a trusted site as a Pro-hormone oral. . Enemas can treat constipation and clear out your bowel. A significant percentage of athletes and teenagers use androgenic anabolic steroids (AAS) in their everyday lives. It’s classified as an. Oct 09, 2021 · dimethandrostenol is the best cutting prohormone. All Research Products TELMISARTAN 40MG $ 44. Many synthetic androgenic steroids are capable of causing cholestatic liver. The CSA further provides that the Attorney General may, by regulation, exempt from any or all CSA provisions any “compound, mixture, or preparation which contains any anabolic steroid, which is. P. 247 subscribers. learn benefits and effects of beginner’s steroids. If you enjoy what you're taking then great (it might have other stims in it that are helping), but you will NOT see enhanced fat loss from ephedra extract. Fiber: 0 grams. Drug Free Sport AXIS. Tweet What do you get if you cross Phera-plex with Superdrol? No, that's not the setup to a joke. Whether you opt for Formeron or choose Forma stanzol instead,, each formula offers benefits over others in terms compatibility preferences and objectives of its user. Jan 6, 2011. Each ester you have used and if your experience varied (if applicable) This week’s Compound/PED is: Msten. Dimethandrostenol cannot aromatize to form estrogenic metabolites, as it has no C4-5 double bond (it is ’5α-reduced’). 99. It also enhances protein synthesis. Both compounds are pheromones, Yes. I put on some serious size but also a fair amount of fat due to a bit too high caloric surplus. Amino Asylum Semaglutide Discussion Thread. People use dymethazine for athletic performance, muscle strength, erectile dysfunction (ED), weight loss, and other conditions, but there is no good scientific. Mithras contains pure dimethandrostenol, a brand new ingredient for 2013. Benefits: - Facilitates the growth of lean muscles [3] - Enhances muscle endurance [3] - Increases energy levels and strength [3] Jul 20, 2016. With that said, even for the most advanced users, a dosage of more than Methandrostenolone 50mg is not advised. I’d say do the dimethandrostenol. 5 grams of fat. Hear it used to be called Mithras back in the day. Muscle hardening, explosiveness, dropped water, reduced E effects, etc. It possesses a characteristic musk-like odor. start at 30mg for first week. Rex_Jarvis_Eats_Ass • 3 yr. Mainly I'm undecided on which orals to use. I’m currently on day 3 of a dienolone td cycle but I’m thinking of adding a second compound to the mix. So I’m going to run my TRT of 140mg test cyp a week with 50mg deca a week alongside the following blast for 8 weeks Dimethandrostenol (D-Nol by Medfit) 24 mg/d TPP/NPP/Mast P blend 100mg each MWF So test 440mg/wk NPP 300mg/wk Mast P 300mg/wk Deca 50mg/wk As usual my logs are more to keep track of times and my. This is all anecdotal, of course, and you should take these reviews with a grain of salt. I understand that DMZ would be dryer, but would like some input on what results would be like in terms of size and strength. Cantaloupe is an excellent source of vitamin C, vitamin A, and potassium. Just like older products Superdrol and Pheraplex, Dimethandrstenol is designed for massive gains in muscle. I have ran both m1t and ultradrol. Of course, since it is illegal in our opinion we won’t be selling it here. Ace always feel after a week like literally 7 days I'm holding more water more sexual thoughts strength up energy way up just like boom boom boom. g. 5 mg/kg orally 3 times a day for 7 days 1 mg/kg orally 3 times a day for 7 daystheir physical appearance [7] (Table 1). 5 mg/kg is recommended, with a suggested upper limit of 10 mg/kg. What do you. dvw Well-known member. Here are 17 health benefits of omega-3 fatty acids that are supported by science. . Nolva is generally considered the better option for prevention of gyno as there are claims that it selectively targets receptors more in the breast tissues. Flavonoids. Got to the point where walking around was difficult because I was carrying so much weight. You are currently viewing our boards as a guest which gives you limited access to view most discussions and access our other features. Gonna start off w 10gs a day for 3-5 days then move up to 15 then raise if need be. Anybody just starting some M1T or in a cycle of it? How's it working for ya? I'm looking for more accounts of M1T users and the protocol they're using. Promotes weight loss. Dimethandrostenol vs Superdrol: Which Supplement is Safer for Long-Term Use? - Buy online, worldwide delivery, safe anabolic steroids - Dimethandrostenol vs superdrol 6kq. DonnieM think about administering good ol Test. In addition, a review of cases has shown that in a “worse. 4 gram protein. Met this nympho chick and honestly I didnt really think she was that hot. Mithras is/was Iron Legion's name for their Dimethandrostenol product (the steroid you mentioned above). Moreover, we would suggest you to avoid stacking it with wet prohormones as it may lead to estrogenic side effects such as muscle mass loss, fatigue, and erectile dysfunction. Antihistamines relieve watery eyes, itchy eyes /nose/throat, runny nose, and sneezing. 30mg-50mg seems to be the typical dosage, from what I’ve read it is double methylated so it must be ran with a. 000 pesos colombianosDaily use. Whether you liked the compound or not and whether you’d use it again. It may also suppress natural testosterone production. Dimethandrostenol Side Effects: Some common side effects of Dimethandrostenol include acne, hair loss, and water retention. Never ran it, but I was also interested in it. O. Have taken 1 pill so far. Boosts antioxidants. Great by itself or also effectively stacked with Winni-V and Liquid Anodrol during bulking cycles. Special Precautions and Warnings. Very rarely, statins can cause life-threatening muscle damage called rhabdomyolysis (rab-doe-my-OL-ih-sis). Sodium: 0 milligrams. Proporcionar un asesoramiento integral, a personas y empresas, que permita solucionar todas sus necesidades relacionadas con el mercado inmobiliario y jurídico. Got a good pump an left the gym for a day at the lake just chilling with my dogsD-bol is simply the most powerful oral anabolic on the market and is the preferred oral used by elite level athletes around the world. Androstenediol. Toxicity. DMAU holds promise as a male contraceptive. BenefitsCal is a portal where Californians can get and manage benefits online. . What is Prohormone Ingredients | Supplement Ingredients, what is Prohormone Ingredients | Supplement Ingredients used for and how do I use it, and what supplements have Prohormone Ingredients | Supplement Ingredients in them? Prohormone Ingredients | Supplement Ingredients definition, use, side effects and more. Recommended. Never ran it, but I was also interested in it. Throw in some msten and enjoy. Here are 13 potential health benefits of dandelion, along with common risks and side effects. Introduction and Occurrence. Many synthetic. People use dymethazine for athletic performance, muscle strength, erectile dysfunction (ED), weight loss, and other conditions, but there is no good scientific evidence to support its use. 99. What is the best steroid for cutting, what is the best peptide for weight loss – Buy anabolic steroids online . More evidence is needed to rate. So Yea it's good. DIMETHANDROSTENOL (D-DROL) $ 49. As such, dimethandrolone and ester prodrugs of it like DMAU are thought to have a reduced risk of androgenic side effects and conditions such as benign prostatic hyperplasia,. These results support further testing of DMAU as a male contraceptive. Add to cart. Water retention does not seem to be problem with use and gains are reported very solid. Manganese: 43% of the DV. I have tried many different birth controls in the past, the greatest improvements in acne occurred on BC that had higher estradiol levels (. Thiamine plays a role in metabolizing glucose (sugar), which is part of the process used by the body to. But, I didn't have the chance to run ultradrol at 30mg sadly, and don't really trust other msten clones on the market. Check out the newsest addition raw powder. Exercise and Lift Weights. high protein carbs . It’s methylated and hardly raised liver values at all. 3. Only side I had was blood pressure. 98 – $ 163. D1METHADROL by Olympus labs was formulated as being a catalyst to increasing lean size, hardening muscles, and attaining strength that comparable of a demigod’s. Introduction. DMAU was safe and markedly suppressed LH, FSH, and testosterone. g. Helps prevent the effects of estrogen on cells. Peptides bodybuilding cutting, Best prohormone for losing weight – Buy steroids online . Stronger than halodrol or mechabol. 1. All salts, including Himalayan salt, count. Quality Bodybuilding Anabolic Steroids manufacturers & exporter - buy Prohormone Supplements white powder Methylstenbolone For Increasing Strength CAS 5197-58-0 with reasonable price from China manufacturer. Enhances memory. R. Androstenol, also known as 5α-androst-16-en-3α-ol (shortened to 3α,5α-androstenol or 3α-androstenol), is a 16-androstene class steroidal pheromone and neurosteroid in humans and other mammals, notably pigs. Ephedra simply does not have the alkaloids present for fat loss that Ephedrine carries, plain and simple. Company Introduction: Wuhan Hezhong Bio-Chemical Manufacture Co. 0. However, DMT can be researched for medical use in approved studies, DMT-containing brews have been authorized for religious use by some churches with origins in South. Methandrostenolone (Dianabol) is taken orally and on average, the lowest dose of Methandrostenolone that you’ll find is 15 mg. Side effects you experienced. език. Elephant pharma steroids, Pros and cons of trenbolone – Legal steroids for sale . 3g of fat. 4. Increasing energy. It may also help with joint and tissue repair. It would seem to be much more anabolic than masteron. It is used to make medicine. Manganese: 10% of the RDI. English; íslenska; Français; suomi; Malti; українська; slovenčina; EestiHere are 6 evidence-based benefits of stinging nettle. Anabolimac said: Ehh methylstenbolone is 2,17a-methyl-5a-androsta-1-en-17b-ol-3-one this compound while similar, dons a 17beta hydroxy function and 2-ene bond. Quick View. em03088 New member. Yes. MasalaPapad. Awards 0. However, there are potential benefits and risks associated with its use. Dosage would be nice and side effects and what it compared to. Rad. This product contains one or more ingredients that appears to be a prohormone. Another benefit of mango is that it. Great strength, energy, mood, libido. What do you get if you cross Phera-plex with Superdrol? No,. However, it can also lower testosterone. It may also help with joint and tissue repair. . 4g of carbohydrates, and 0. So today is day 7 of d-nol and lgd 3303, I upped the lgd to 12mg, 6mg pre workout and then 3mg 4 hours later and one more 4 hours after that, I'm taking 3 tabs of d-nol 1. The combination of these two compounds is ultimate and unmatched. high protein carbs . You are currently viewing our boards as a guest which gives you limited access to view most discussions and access our other features. In stock. It is sometimes called a nootropic, based on preliminary evidence that it has neuroprotective and cognitive enhancing properties. . Promotes weight loss. Why not more? Where's our delta converted 11oxo and hexadrone? Where's our delta converted 19-nor? Where's out delta converted Winstrol (m1T with a pyrazole. The CSA further provides that the Attorney General may, by regulation, exempt from any or all CSA provisions any “compound, mixture, or preparation which contains any anabolic steroid, which is intended for. Androstenediol, or 5-androstenediol (abbreviated as A5 or Δ5-diol ), also known as androst-5-ene-3β,17β-diol, is an endogenous weak androgen and estrogen steroid hormone and intermediate in the biosynthesis of testosterone from dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA). Mg for mg, SD is more powerful by a lot. Reduces Stress and Anxiety. Stuff to discuss could include: Benefits/gains you experienced. C. The NCAA recognizes that some banned substances are used for. 13. or sarms. It’s a lot like pheraplex or the original h-drol if that means anything to you. StoresI've been doing some research on this supplement and there seems to be plenty of good reviews for acne and PMS symptoms. It may also suppress natural testosterone production. What is the best steroid for cutting, what is the best peptide for weight loss – Buy anabolic steroids online . Click here to buy Raw Dimethandrostenol Powder!!Vitamin C benefits also have been shown to stimulate both the production and function of leukocytes, the white blood cells that protect the body against both infectious disease and foreign invaders. Metabolism: Dimethandrostenol cannot aromatize to form estrogenic metabolites, as it has no C4-5 double bond (it is ’5α-reduced’). Just gonna try and put on as much muscle as possible not worried about being %'s but will not be eating crap like mcdonalds soda or ramen noodles. Mar 14, 2014. but doesn't deliver imo. More. It contains just one active ingredient – Dimethandrostenol acetate (DMA), which shares structural similarities with methandienone (Dianabol). All of these compounds have been considered to be the cream of the crop when it comes to bulking prohormones . great and noticable mood and energy pwo. Quick View. It's not a pure bulking phohormone like Trestolone but is a little more balanced and will put on muscle mass fast. Actually set one of them up with a great job that had regularly scheduled raises, fantastic benefits, and a ton of opportunity for advancement. . LGD4033. This review aimed to provide detailed insights into androstenedione’s consumption, metabolism, health effects, and toxicity. Doinwork. 21 U. Baltimore, MD 21201. In layman’s terms, dimethiconol is a really useful ingredient that can improve the texture of a product by giving it some lightweight slip. Had anyone tried it can’t find much on it. Buy Trenavar powder online. Pronunciation of androstenol with 1 audio pronunciation, 1 meaning, 1 translation and more for androstenol. [1] [2] [3] Dimethandrolone is an AAS, and hence is an agonist of the androgen receptor, the biological target of androgens like. A significant percentage of athletes and teenagers use androgenic anabolic steroids (AAS) in their everyday lives. . Zinc: 23% of the DV. 0. Add to cart. Depression is one of the most common mental. In addition, the synthetic anabolic steroids are now widely used illicitly for exercise and athletic performance enhancement. Kinda like masteron a bit, the strength comes on fast after the first week. Exercise and Lift Weights. By: Search Advanced search…NatMed Pro, the Authority on Integrative Medicine. But m1t seems to be much more powerful/harsh than msten. ForumsTLDR: PT 141 turned me and my wife into sex animals! First let's talk about what PT 141 is: PT 141 is a peptide injected into the stomach fat with a small insulin needle that produces some amazing aphrodisiac like effects in men & women. According to the manufacturer, this prohormone is associated with various benefits. 00 out of 5 $ 39. Nov 03, 2021 · best anabolic steroids for fat burning, prohormones for cutting. It’s common to add other ingredients such as milk. Both carry some degree of toxicity but not to a large degree. Folate. Adaptogens like Rhodiola rosea may increase your body’s resistance to stress, allowing you to cope better during stressful times. Blew up from 195 to 230. It is closely related to androstenedione (androst-4-ene-3,17-dione). This vitamin is an essential nutrient and antioxidant. Magnesium: 6% of the RDI. aka Dimethandrolone Undecanoate (DMAU) . Mango is low in calories yet high in nutrients — particularly vitamin C, which aids immunity, iron absorption, and cell growth and repair. Now I`m aprox, 13%. Androgenic steroids are used for male sex hormone replacement and in the therapy of malignancies. Dienestrol may cause serious side effects including: hives, difficulty breathing, swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat, breast pain, severe abdominal pain or swelling, heavy vaginal bleeding, pain or numbness in the chest, groin, or calf, D1METHADROL by Olympus Labs 120ct This is the purest, strongest, most potent, largest quantity Dimethandrostenol Available. Turned a 4 week bulk into a 4 week cut. Not a place for discussion of illicit and illegal compounds. It can’t erase deep wrinkles, but it can help improve the appearance of surface wrinkles, fine lines. g0hardorgohom said: Stenadrol should be very potent and versatile product indeed. The recommendation I got was for a product with 5mg Dimethandrostenol and 10mg DMZ,. Leaning me out nicely while keeping weight at 183-180 . 1. . For my money, Brawn Protodrol was the best of these type supplements. From personal bloodwork, DIM raised my SHBG. But m1t seems to be much more powerful/harsh than msten. 99. You wouldn't want to try and bulk up with epistane, for instance. All Research Products Epiandrosterone $ 39. Introduction. .